The Perseverance of Odysseus Essay Example For Students

The Perseverance of Odysseus Essay In the epic poem, The Odyssey, by Homer, Odysseus goes through many trials while trying to return home from the Trojan War. On his voyage home, he must visit the Land of the Dead, evade the Sirens, Scylla and Charybdis and when he does arrive home, participate in a tricky reunion with his wife, Penelope. All of these examples show that Odysseus has extreme determination and perseverance. Perseverance is an excellent quality that few possess which can spark achievement. In the â€Å"Land of the Dead†, Odysseus has to make a complicated potion to bring out the profit Teiresias. While waiting for Teiresias to come, he has to hold back the ghosts of the dead. While holding them back, he sees his dead mother. Odysseus did not know she was dead, and grieved, but still held her off to accomplish his obligations. While in the land of the dead, he sees his fallen shipmate, Elpenor. Elpenor tells him that he must backtrack back to Aeaea Island to bury his body and give him an honorable funeral. Odysseus promises to do this and he later does. We will write a custom essay on The Perseverance of Odysseus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The strength that he has to hold back .

Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis The WritePass Journal

Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis Introduction Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction The tissue shows vast inflammation, there are large gaps in between the hepatocytes due to cell necrosis and the hepatocytes remaining are large and swollen. There are fatty deposits throughout the tissue and fibrous structures present which are most likely collagen.   The hepatocytes themselves are not only swollen but have the presence of globular material within. This is identified as Mallory bodies, seen in cases of alcoholic hepatitis. These globules are aggregates of intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm which have resulted from hepatocyte injury. Neutrophils can be seen in the sample which is the likely cause of inflammation. These would have been called to the tissue due to the necrosis of the hepatocytes and the presence of cellular debris within the lobules [1]. An infiltration of macrophages can be seen which would also be due to the debris present. The first stage of alcoholic liver disease is the increase of fatty deposits in the liver. Heavy alcohol consumption causes the production of large fatty globules a process known as macrovesicular steatosis collecting in the liver cells.   Ethanol consumed is metabolised by alcohol dehydrase in the mitochondria into toxic acetaldehyde which is metabolised by aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetic acid [1][2][3]. The production of acetaldehyde causes a higher NADH: NAD ratio which is the main mechanism in the development of this condition. This NADH production causes increase in lipogenesis and a decrease in fatty acid oxidation. The higher levels of fatty acids signal the hepatocytes to compound glycerol into triglycerides [3]. This is seen in the first stage of liver damage known as alcoholic hepatitis [2]. Excess alcohol intake can also cause hepatocyte injury via oxidative stress from increased NADH production in which free radicals damage the hepatocytes (increased production by th e kupffer cells); and from lipid peroxidation where acetylhyde binds to proteins forming adducts [1]. This binding triggers humoral and cellular immune responses resulting in tissue injury. There is an increase in pro inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor and interleukin -6 and a decrease in anti inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin -4 [1]. These cytokines in particularly TNF are secreted by the kupffer cells (macrophages) located in the liver. They’re activated by the increased levels of endotoxin released from the breakdown of alcohol by intestinal bacteria; this binds to the CD14 receptor on their surface initiating response.   The release of these cytokines leads to the hepatic stellate cells producing increased levels of collagen which leads to liver fibrosis and also causes destructive damage to the hepatocytes. This leads to the last stage of liver disease known as cirrhosis which can occur in prolonged alcoholic hepatitis, seen in 40% of cases [1][4]. Individuals suffering with alcoholic hepatitis have an increase in serum bilirubin due to the inability of the damaged liver to process it. Bilirubin is normally removed from the blood by the liver, processed by it and released into the bile [4][5]. They’ll also have prolonged prothrombin time which reflects decreased hepatic synthetic function [4][5]. A number of clotting factor proteins are produced in the liver so an increase in coagulation time suggests a decrease in these factors indicating dysfunction of the liver. Decreased serum albumin can be observed in cases of liver injury as this is the main protein produced in the liver. Thyroid tests can indicate liver dysfunction such as testing for T3- triiodothrynonine which appears decreased in individuals with alcoholic hepatitis and is proportional to the level of damage[6][4]. There is also a decrease in serum cholesterol level seen in this condition. In cases where excessive alcohol consumption is not the cause of hepatitis further testing should be done.   Individuals can develop hepatitis due to drug use as currently 1000 drugs are seen to be hepatotoxic [7].   There must be a chronic correlation seen between when the medicine was first taken and the observation of hepatitis. There must also be a correlation between the removal of medication and the recession of the condition [4]. Other causes of hepatitis must also be tested for such as viral hepatitis. There are 5 subsets of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and the less common D and E forms. Hepatitis A is the most common form and is passed on by the faecal– oral route. It’s tested for by the presence of the anti-HAV IgM antibody which tests positive before the development of clinical hepatitis and remains positive for at least 4months. Hepatitis B is tested for by the presence of surface antigen HBsAg. Anti HBC total and Anti – HBC IgM is also tested for. A soluble protein HBeAg is produced by the virus in acute and early chronic stages of hepatitis B so positivity of this indicates infection. Hepatitis C infection has the presentation of Anti-HCV seen in 90% of individuals with this infection [7]. The possibility of autoimmune hepatitis can be ruled out by testing of HLA class II expression on the surface of the hepatocytes. There is also an increase seen in IgG antibody and a variety of other antibodies such as SLA/LP (anti soluble liver protein) [8]. References [1] Hopkins. J. Alcoholic liver disease – Introduction, gastroenterology and hepatology. Baltimore M.D 2010 [2] www.britishlivertrust.org . Accessed 28.11.10 [3 ]Drriad. Pathogenesis of hepatitis infection from chronic alcoholism, Figure 1. 2007 [4] www.hepatitis.org. Phillipe.L, Hepatogastroenterology department, Brugmann University Hospital Brussells Accessed 28.11.10 [5]gastro.com/Gastro/liverdisease/liver_function.aspx,   Gardner. P.W and Waldstreicher.W, American Liver Foundation 1995 Accessed 28.11.10 [6] Borzio. M et al, Thyroid function tests in chronic liver disease: evidence for multiple abnormalities despite clinical euthyroidism. GUT Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, Vol 24(7), Jul 1983. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420033/. Accessed 28/11/10 [7] oaml.com/PDF/CLP012.pdf. Guidelines for clinical laboratory practice, revised March 2000, Accessed 28.11.10 [8]Krawitt. E.L Autoimmune hepatitis: classification, heterogeneity, and treatment, January 1994.   Am. J. Med. Vol 96 (1A): 23S–26S.

3 Types of Solutions with Semicolons

3 Types of Solutions with Semicolons 3 Types of Solutions with Semicolons 3 Types of Solutions with Semicolons By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, a structural flaw is easily repaired by use of one or more semicolons in place of one or more commas. Discussion and revision of each example explains the problem and demonstrates the solution. 1. Smith’s father called an ambulance, however, she was pronounced dead at the scene. However is not parenthetical to the first clause or to the entire sentence. To demonstrate that it applies only to the second clause, a semicolon should precede it: â€Å"Smith’s father called an ambulance; however, she was pronounced dead at the scene.† (A simpler alternative with more basic punctuation is â€Å"Smith’s father called an ambulance, but she was pronounced dead at the scene.†) 2. Apps can store shoppers’ receipts, gift cards, and shopping lists; present discounts and coupons; enable comparison shopping; make the checkout process simple and fast, and more. Because â€Å"make the checkout process simple and fast† and â€Å"and more† are equivalent to each other and to the three previous list items, a semicolon, rather than a comma, is required between them: â€Å"Apps can store shoppers’ receipts, gift cards, and shopping lists; present discounts and coupons; enable comparison shopping; make the checkout process simple and fast; and more.† 3. The risks include large-scale terrorist attacks or cyberattacks, failure of national governance, profound social instability, interstate conflict with regional consequences, or state collapse or crisis, food or water crises, extreme weather events, and failure of climate change adaptation, or high structural unemployment or underemployment, asset bubbles in a major economy, or fiscal crises in key economies. This sentence suffers from a lack of differentiation of several lists of categorically similar phenomena within the sentence, which is essentially a list. To improve readability, separate the sublists by inserting semicolons: â€Å"The risks include large-scale terrorist attacks or cyberattacks, failure of national governance, profound social instability, interstate conflict with regional consequences, or state collapse or crisis; food or water crises, extreme weather events, and failure of climate change adaptation; or high structural unemployment or underemployment, asset bubbles in a major economy, or fiscal crises in key economies.† (However, a complex list such as this might be better presented as a vertical bullet list.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtWhat to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Methods of enquiry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Methods of enquiry - Essay Example A Qualitative method of study differs from the usual quantitative methods (used in the study of pure sciences) in the sense that it tends to be far more subjective. This is in sharp contrast to the methods used in pure sciences which are exclusively objective. The research methods for marketing are a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Being open to qualitative methods of study also allows social scientists to incorporate non-quantitative data (i.e. non-numerical data, such as words, images, gestures, impressions etc.) in their study. Since human beings tend to operate in terms of such data and not in terms of the terminology used in ordinary sciences this broader outlook is far more applicable in the study of social sciences. In keeping with the methodology employed in marketing researches the theories too are formulated and used keeping in mind that they are not necessarily applicable to all conditions. Be it psychology, history, political science or economics human events are most likely to influence the rules which define the basic theories of a marketing subject. Success in the field of marketing researches can therefore be achieved if and only if it is understood that the subject has no space or opportunity for watertight methodologies or theories. (Lamb, 2004) The basic advantages of qualitative measures are multi-fold. Firstly, it presents a completely realistic approach that the statistical analysis and numerical data used in research based on quantitative research cannot provide. Another advantage of qualitative measures is that it is more flexible in nature in terms of collected information interpretation, subsequent analysis and data collection. It also presents a holistic point of view of the investigation. Furthermore, this approach of research allows the subjects to be comfortable thus be more accurate

Image Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Image Analysis - Essay Example To start with, the given image has the traits of an icon determined as â€Å"an image (or person) that refers to something beyond its individual components, something (or someone) that acquired symbolic significance† (Sturken and Cartwright, 2009, p. 444). In this context, the photograph of small Crimean boy can be considered as a symbol of innocence in front of Russian invasion. And so, it is reasonable to state that the photographer tended to bring sympathy in the heart of watchers as the child represents the lack of defense in front of military forces. Therefore, the symbolic notion provided by this image is evident as it has both denotative and connotative aspects in its content. Furthermore, the ideological aspect can be found in this image. Actually, the Western attitude to the current events in Ukraine in general and in Crimea in particular shows the total disapproval as the sanctions were implemented for Russian elite. For instance, BBC defined this operation as a â€Å"Crimean crisis† due to the â€Å"Russia’s move into Crimea† (Crimea Crisis, 2014). In such circumstances, presented image has an ideological message. While Ukraine is presented as a victim in Western media, the child from Ukraine symbolizes the whole country that is standing innocent in front of foreign troops. And so, the whole image has a powerful ideological message that supports the level of communication being held in public. Finally, the issue of objectivity is crucial for this image. In fact, each photograph can be considered as a sort of manipulation with public. As Victor Burgin (1999) mentions, â€Å"two images side by side tend to generate meanings not produced by either image on its own† (p. 44). In addition, the military jacket that is worn by this boy can be interpreted as a necessity to start a fighting in order to protect the homeland even though it is hard to resist adults. And so, in a current image due to the fact that it

Heredity, the Environment and Development Essay Example for Free

Heredity, the Environment and Development Essay The study of genetics has grown out of a desire to understand how exactly the individual comes to be just that, an individual different from its peers. In order to comprehend the scope of possible outcomes and how they came to be behavioral genetics looks at a number of variables; these include the impact of our genes (nature), and our environment (nurture). A countless number of hypotheses were put to the test through research to analyze the degree of influence of each. In this paper, team A will discuss the methods of behavioral genetics, the various research techniques used, their testing populations and why used, along with proposed answers and explanations. Behavioral GeneticsBehavioral geneticists uses family, twin and adoption studies as a basis for their argument of individual differences (Lerner, Bearer, Garcia, Coll, 2004). A significant contributor to studies in behavioral genetics, provides this definition: Behavioral genetics is the genetic study of behavior, which includes quantitative genetics (twin and adoption studies) as well as molecular genetics (DNA studies) of human and animal behavior broadly defined to include responses of the organism from responses measured in the brain such as functional neuro-imaging to self-report questionnaires (Plomin,2004). Read more:  Influences that affect childrens development essay One of the first twin studies was conducted by Bouchard in 1979 when he found a set of monozygotic twins, babies from a fertilized egg that splits into two. The babies were separated at a few weeks old. The babies had many physiological and psychological similarities. Since Bouchards initial study it has been proven that, while monozygotic twins raised together have many similarities, those separated at an early age have an even greater likeness. Since twins being raised together are more likely to highlight their differences in order to maintain some element of independence, behavioral geneticists argue that this indicates a strong genetic underpinning in human development (Plomin, 2004). Research conducted by Grilo and Pogue-Geile (1991) correlated the familial relationships with extroversion. The study included monozygotic twins reared together and apart, dizygote twins reared together and apart, biological parents and children, biological siblings, adoptive parents and children and  unrelated siblings reared together. The results reflected that the highest correlation was between monozygotic twins raised together and apart. The lowest correlation was between unrelated siblings raised together. For behavioral geneticists, these results conclude that genetics are at work in determining the extroversion of a person. Behavioral geneticists suggest reasonable doubt in assuming connections between psychological environments and developmental results may be genetically arbitrated and that the environment a person is in responds to the genetically influenced characteristics (Plomin, 2004). The genetic association between parent and child is useful to examine. For example, †¦differences in parenting can be the genetic effect rather than the environmental cause of childrens psychopathology (Plomin, 2004, p. 345). The results of the twin, adoption and family studies support these assumptions. The Correlation of Heredity and EnvironmentThe nature versus nurture controversy exists because some people believe that a persons genetics has the greatest impact on their personality, intelligence and behavior. On the flipside, some people believe that the environment has more of an impact. Behavior geneticists assume that behavior is influenced by the relations of heredity and environment. With the help of twin studies, and adoption studies researchers are working on understanding what molds a person into the individual he or she is today. Twin studies, using identical twins, are conducted to understand how biology influences traits and psychopathology in humans whose genotypes are the same (Haimowitz, n.d.).Twin studies also use fraternal twins who share half of the genes they acquire at conception which helps to compare the degrees of genetic influence such as intelligence and personality. Adoption studies take a look to see if adoptive children exhibit the behavioral and psychological traits of their adoptive parents, or those of their biological parents (Haimowitz). Any links to biological parents can be attributed to genetics, and any connection to adoptive parents can be  attributed to environment. Heredity-Environment correlations can be shown in three ways. One is the passive genotype-environment correlations. Passive genotype-environment correlation exists when a childs biological parents are raising him or her (MacDonald, n.d.). An example of this situation could be Anas parents having the genetic predisposition to be intelligent and read skillfully leading one to believe that Ana will more than likely share these skills. Evocative Genotype-Environment Correlation occurs when a childs genotype provokes a specific type of physical or social environment (MacDonald, n.d.). An example of this type of correlation: Andrew is artistic, and outgoing, he will elicit encouragement to try out for plays. Sheena is very athletic and competitive; she will be encouraged to go out for sports. Active genotype-Environment Correlations emerge when a child seeks out environments he or she will find compatible and stimulating (MacDonald, n.d.). An example could be that a child like Matilda, who has a gift of music, will seek a musical environment where she can expand on her talent. Scientist researching how genetics influences academic achievements show three ways heredity and environment could possibly be correlated. The three ways in which Meredith Phillips and a team of colleagues found genetics and environment to be correlated are passive correlation, active correlation, and reactive correlation. Passive correlation: genes influence both a childs environment and heredity (Phillips, Brooks-Gunn, Crane, Duncan, Klebanov, n.d.,  ¶ 3). Active correlation: genes influence the environments that a child seeks out (Phillips et al.,  ¶ 3). Reactive correlation: environments react differently to people with different genetic profiles (Phillips et al.,  ¶ 3). In passive correlation if a parent is the type of person whom enjoys reading, the love for reading could be transferred to the child from the parent reading to the child frequently. The child will already have the genetics from the parents. My son enjoys music I would like to think he received that from me because of my interest in music. He hears a great deal of music when at home therefore, the music rich environment my son is placed in has an influence on his musical achievements. Combined with the genetic aspect of my love for music and his fathers love for music the affect of his music rich environment causes a stronger influential desire to be involved in music. In active correlation, the child has genetic influences from the parent reading to him or her. When the child voices the desires for the parent to read to him or her, the parent enjoying the reading ultimately influences the child by reading to the child. The child requesting stories to be read is the incentive the parent has to continue the process along with the parents love for reading. Reactive correlation was described as genetics affecting the childs physical features with the childs features being judged by peers. The views of the childs peers are voiced and in the process the childs academic achievements are effected. The childs environment can put him or her under a certain labels. In this situation genetics affects the views of the childs peers and the environment combined with genetics can have a negative affect on the childs academics. Definition of Shared and Non-shared Environmental ExperiencesBeyond genetics, each individual has a unique personality that is based on a blending of their shared and non-shared experiences in life. Shared environmental experiences are those which the majority of the world encounters. Shared experiences can occur differently by culture, but generally adhere to a specific social clock or a set of age norms that defines a sequence of normal life experiences (Boyd Bee, p. 10). For American culture think of the traditions of school, watching a baseball game, having a BBQ, getting married, having children, working and retiring as relative shared norms that all, or most of us, encounter. Of course, non-shared experiences are different for each of us; these are categorized as individual experiences. Individual or non-shared experiences  can be influenced by race, socioeconomic status, and other social factors (Boyd Bee, 2006, p. 36). These individual differences can also be related to school, relationships, marriage and childbirth and the unique perspective that each person has. Each individual thinks much differently and so the way that they perceive and interact in the world will make their experiences, shared and non-shared, unique to them. Role Played by Shared and Non-shared Environmental Experiences DevelopmentThe importance that shared and non-shared experiences have in development is that they help shape our personal development as well as our social development. If in fact, each person encounters shared experiences in accordance with the norm expected, they are more likely to fit in culturally and have a higher understanding of appropriate and healthy relationships. Likewise, with non-shared experiences if interactions each person has with their parents and peers, and in his or her independent life, is healthy they will know themselves internally and process environmental factors that occur around them in a healthy manner. If the shared and non shared experiences of an individual do not go according to the norms of society it will be more difficult for them to develop into healthy adults who function both independently and interdependently at appropriate levels. (Boyd Bee, 2006, p. 36) In conclusion, behavioral geneticists have used a wide array of approaches to their research in developmental theories. Through the use of identical twins a great deal of information has been acquired on the basis of both genetics and environment. The strongest proponent of this argument was shown to be the case of identical twins separated at birth exhibiting very similar characteristics even though they had not been raised in the same environment. Corresponding research which also strengthens this argument shows that adoptive children exhibit very few of the characteristics of their adoptive parents. It seems safe to say that genetics lay the foundation of behavior with environment and individual experience capable of exhibiting some influence beyond that. References Boyd, D., Bee, H. (2006). Lifespan Development. Retrieved from http://ecampus.phoenix.eduGrilo, C. M., Pogrue-Geile, M. F. (1991). The Nature of Environmental Influences on Weight and Obesity: A Behavior Genetic  Analysis [White paper]. Retrieved from National Institute of Health: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.govHaimowitz, A. G. (n.d.). Heredity versus Environment: Twin, Adoption, and Family. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/haimowitz.htmlLerner, R. M., Bearer, E. L., Garcia, , Coll, C. G. (2004). Nature and Nurture: the Complex Intereplay if Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Behavior and Development. . Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=iFriCJCTsx4Cprintsec=frontcoverMacDonald, K. (n.d.). PSYCHOLOGY 361: BEHAVIOR GENETICS. Retrieved April 21, 2009 , from http://www.csulb.edu/~kmacd/361Notes2.htmlPhillips, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., Crane, J., Duncan, G. J., Klebanov, P. (n.d.). How Might Genetic Influences on Academic Achievement Masquerade as Environmental Influences?. Retrieved April 22, 2009, from http://www.children.smartlibrary.org/NewInterface/segment.cfm?segment=2606Plomin, R. (2004). Genetic and Developmental Psychology. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 341-352. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/merrill-palmer_quarterly/v050/50.3polmin.html

El Mercado :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EL MERCADO   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Mexican Mercado is a historical, sociable, and wonderful experience. I believe it says a lot about Mexico's culture and how they have kept some of the ways of there ancestors. The Mercado is a thing that should be highly respected. Many things are related to the Mercado like bargaining, communicating, making friends, shopping, and agriculture. That right there describes Mexico's history and present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the US I believe that people usually don't like to socialize as much as people in Mexico than people in the US. That is half of the reason people in Mexico go to the Market. People in Mexico like to negotiate prices and people in the US seem to be in more of a hurry. The US and Mexico have supermercados which are pretty similar to each other because they sell a lot of the same things. The traditional Mercado is an open-air market, which is similar to some of the farmers markets that the US has. Except people in Mexico have bigger markets and they have a bigger variety of stuff. They aren't as popular in the U.S. because of the differences in the history of the cultures. I think a lot of people would like to bring open-air markets to the US.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some advantages of the Mercado is being able to visit and get to know more people. There are also many shops with many varieties of things to choose from. Stores for everyone, they have flower shops, craft markets and many other shops. A disadvantage I would think is that it would always be crowded. I consider this a disadvantage, but there are some people that wouldn't. I'm not sure how fresh the fruits would be either, because you don't know how long they have been sitting there. Some advantages for the U.S. markets would be having the out-of-date prints on the things you buy and knowing that your fruit is fresh. Plus you have a better chance of getting a refund. Some disadvantages are not being able to negotiate with people for lower prices. In the US the grocery shopping isn't as much about visiting and talking, but getting your shopping done quickly because people are always in a hurry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Mercado was started by the Aztecs, this cultural activity is historical and a wonderful experience.